|
|
ΰ?
() ȭп ȯǾ ϴ ɷ (Cell) ǵǸ,
ʹ ٸ ܺο ⸦ Ͽ ⸦ Ѵ.
⺻
䵵
⺻ ҿ ȭ Ͽ Ǹ, ÿ ϴ ⸦ ̿ϴ ִ.
ٿ Ҵ (Anode) ǰ Ҵ (Cathode)η ȴ. Ҵ ˸Ż
̿(H+) (e-) صǰ, ̿¸ Ͽ, ȴ. ÿ ڴ ܺε
ؼ ̵ϴµ, ̵ ؿ ҿ ϴ Ų. ̶ Ͼ 帧
ǰ, μ Ѵ. ̷ ν, ǰų ºȯ⸦
ٲپ ϱ Ѵ. Ǵ ΰ ִ.
Ҵ Ҹ ̿ϰų, ð, ź, ź źȭҸ ̿Ͽ ̶ Ҹ ̿Ѵ.
Ǵ , Ҹ ̿ϸ 忡 ϴ ִ.
⸦ ״ ̿ϴ ̿Ѵ.
Ʒ İ , ÿ ȴ.
Anode : 2H2 - 4H+ + 4e-
Cathode : O2 +
4H+ + 4e- -2H2O
Overall : 2H2 +
O2
-2H2O
+ +
Ư
Ͽ Ʒ ǥ · еǾ.
ٺ ؼ ۵, ٸ , µ, ˸ſ ̴.
|
|
|
|
µ
|
λ (PAFC)
|
λ (ü)
|
platinum on
PTFE/carbon
|
200
|
Į (AFC)
|
ȭĮ (ü)
|
platinum on
carbon
|
80
|
(PEMFC)
|
ǿ Dow
|
platinum on
carbon
|
85-100
|
ź꿰 (MCFC)
|
Lithium or
potassium carbonate(ü)
|
Ǵ ȭչ
|
650
|
üȭ (SOFC)
|
Yttria-stabilized
zirconia (ü)
|
/ Zirconia cermet
|
1000
|
ź (DMFC)
|
Polymer
Membrane
|
Pt-Ru or
Pt/C
|
25 - 130
|
|
µ
|
|
ֿ
|
|
|
|
PEMFC
DMFC
|
-100
|
̿(H+)
|
ź
|
ܰ
|
ڵ
|
|
λ(PAFC)
|
150-200
|
λ(H3PO4)
|
õ
ź
|
ȭܰ
|
л
|
|
ź꿰(MCFC)
|
600-700
|
ź꿰
(Li2CO3-K2CO3)
|
õ
ź
|
ߴܰ
|
չ
չ
|
|
üȭ(SOFC)
|
700-1000
|
üȭ
Yttria-stabilized zirconia
|
õ
ź
|
ߴܰ
|
չ
չ
|
|
Į(AFC)
|
- 100
|
|
|
|
Ư
|
|
|
|
- λ (Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell)
- Į (Alkaline Fuel Cell)
- (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell)
- ź꿰 (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell)
- üȭ (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell)
- ź (Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC))
λ
λ
20 ̻ ߵǰ Ǿ , 꿡 (70% ̻) 䱸Ѵ. λ
ź ü ǥ ˸ŷν ̳ ȥչ Ѵ.
λ µ 200 ̴. ̰ λ Ͽ ϴ ִ밪̴.
ȿ 4050% ̴. ȿ ؼ ǰ ߿
սý Ͽ Ѵ. Ϸʷ λ ߿ ̹Ƿ µ 200ɷ
ȴ. ðѾ ϸ ̶ Ǵ ̿ϸ ȿ 70%̻ ִ.
λ ν ʿ ˷ ִ. ̰ ̿
ִ ̰ ¸ Ű ߿ Ͽ. λ , ڵ
Ѵ.
Į
Į
ν ȭĮ Į Ѵ. μ Ҹ , ȭν Ҹ . µ п
60120̴. anode ˸Ŵ ̸ - ϰ, Cathode ̸ -
. Į ȿȭ ⺻ ڵ ̴. Į Į ̻ȭźҿ ΰϱ λ
ߺ ʰ ߵǾ.
Į ýۿ ̻ȭź Ŵ Į ȭ ߿ ̴.
ڵ 쿡 Į Ȯ ִ Z Ͽ ̴. Į
Ը ȭ ϱ (distribution) ʿ Ѵ. ڵ鿡 Ͽ Ǿ Ҹ ̷
ڵ Į ȭ ȣϰ ̴.
ü ƴ ü ü(Membrane)ν ٸ ȴ. λ
Į ý۰ ϰ 극 ̿ϴ ˸ŷν Ѵ. 극 ǥ ּ
1.5g/kW ˸Ÿ ̴. ˸Ŵ ϻȭźҿ νĿ ΰϹǷ ϻȭź 1000ppm Ϸ Ͽ
Ѵ.
ý ȭ ڵ 뿡 ߿ Ѵ. λ
10 , λ ¿ ۵Ǹ, е ũǷ ȭ ϸ, λ Ͽ
̿ Ը ȭ ִ. ù
ڵ Ǿ ȹ ߿ ִ.
ź꿰
ź꿰
źȭƬ źȭŸ ȥչ̴. ٰ ̷ . νļ ߿
߿ ̴ַ.
ź꿰 Ǵ Į ѷ ϻȭź, ̻ȭź ҿ Ͽ
ִ ̴. ̰ ϻȭźҿ ̻ȭźҸ иϴ ʿ ϴ ٸ ͵麸 ʱ ں ý 谡 ſ ܼ
´. ź꿰 µ 650̰, źȭ ü Ѵ.
30% Ǵ ̻ ҽŲ.
ź꿰 ȭϱ ŷڵ ų ʿ䰡 ִ. µ Ǵ
ź꿰 ̰ ߷ Ͽ پ ̴. ̰ ź꿰 ȿ ̴.
üȭ
üȭ
Ư¡ źȭҸ ȭų ִµ ִ. ȭ ȭƮ ̿ ȿ
ϰ ִ ȭڴ ̴. Cathode ȭƮ ڴ , anode -ڴ ձ
.
üȭ Ư Ư µ 1000 ν ſ ٴ ̴. µ
ҿ ϻȭź ȭ ȭ Ͼ ˸ž ᰡ ȴ. µ 1000ɿ ݼ -
䱸ϱ ߿ ַ ̴. üȭ ϱ
ʿ ̴. üȭ ڵ 뿡 Ǿ ִ. ڵ ϱ ȭ
嵥 ڵ ƴ е 䱸ϴ Ͱ Ű ñ ̴.
źÿ
DMFC
ź , ȭ ϴ ý̴. ̿ ȯ λ Ų ̴. ۵ µ 150ɷ ̴.
PEFC Ͽ ⸦ , ý ȭ 伺 ִ ִ. ӵ
е, ٷ ˸ źð ȭ Cross Over(ü ϴ ) ִ.
1. ȿ ̴.
ظ ȯ ִ. ¿ ý ȿ 50% ̻̰( ȿ 25% ̴), NOx, SOx
1% û ȿ ý̴.
2. ̴.
70 ϼũ ̷
ü ߿ Ͽ Դµ, ̿ܿ ź, ź, õ ü ̿Ͽ
ִ. ڿ 츮 ǿ , ¿ ָ ̴.
3. ο
ũ.
ݼ, ,
, μ ġ ϴ ο â ִ. ̰ ʸ â ,
û ̴.
ڵ
ֱٿ ȯ ߿ ɻ ְ, ̸ ذϱ
Ǿ ȯ ȣ ǰ ִ. ̿ ߿ ȯ ش ַ 뿡 ؼ ǰ ִµ,
ۼ ϴ Ҹ 97 22% ȸϰ , ü ܿ Ǵ
50.3% ϰ ظ ϰ ִ ̱ Ű ſ ߿ϴ.
̿ ϱ Ͽ ڵ ̱ Ͽ ڵ,
̺긮 ڵ, ڵ ߵǰ ִµ, ڵ Ÿ Ȯ ִ ǿȭ Ѱ谡 ִ.
̷ ڵ ذ ִ ̿ ڵ̴. ڵ Time
2000 ʹݿ ߵǾ 10 ϳ ǿȭ ߿ ִ.
ڵ ڵ
ڵ ü ̿ ڵ ڵ ϱ Ͽ ڵ
ڵ Ͽ ڵ Ͽ Ѵ. ڵ ִ ڵ̴. ڵκ
Ǵ ſ ڵ ſ . ڵ ֿ ؿ ϴµ ʿ ⸦ ϱ
ҿ ̴. ¾籤, dz ̿ Ͽ 쿡 ڵ
ط ڵ ط ȴ.
̿ ڵ ǿȭ ʿ伺 Ǿ ݱ , ǥȭ, , ,
ڵ úо ߿ ߸ Ǿ Ծ. ü ϰ
DZ ̸ ؼ ǰ ʿϰ ̴ ڻӸ ƴ϶ Һڵ鿡Ե ߿ ̴.
ڵ ڵ Ư Ͽ ٺ ̴ .ٸ ν
ڵ Ȥ Ҹ Ͽ ϴ ϰ, ڵ ҿ ϴ Ѵٴ ̴.
ڵ
ڵ
|
ڵ
|
ڵ
|
|
|
|
¿
|
|
Ȥ ҿ ü
|
ȯ
|
ȭ¹ ٷ
|
ؼҷ
|
|
ָ ɰ
|
|
ڵ Ȳ
ȸ
|
|
|
|
Ÿ
|
|
(뷮) 20kW
|
Ϻ (4)
|
Mazda
|
Cart
|
1997
|
ձ (2x15 )
|
20kW(5kW x4)
|
170km
|
Toyota
|
RV
|
1997
|
ź
|
|
500km
|
(7)
|
Daimler-Benz
|
¿
|
1999
|
ȭ
|
25kW
|
400km
|
Renault
|
¿
|
1996
|
ȭ
|
70kW
|
500km
|
Ϲ (9)
|
Ballard
|
|
1997
|
|
30kW
|
170km
|
George-town U
|
|
1998
|
ź
|
100kW
|
560km
|
GM
|
¿ EV-1
|
1999
|
ź
|
100kW
|
500km
|
FORD
|
¿
|
1999
|
|
50kW
|
170km
|
Virginia Tech
|
¿
|
1999
|
|
70kW
|
110km
|
ڵ ٽɱ
Ȳ
ȸ
|
|
|
Ϸ
ܰ
|
뷮
|
|
|
MEA
|
|
˸
|
и
|
Ballard
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
|
|
o
|
Benz
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G.M.
|
|
|
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
|
|
o
|
Toyota
|
|
|
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
|
|
o
|
Allied Signal
|
|
|
|
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
|
|
o
|
Denora
|
|
|
|
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
|
|
o
|
Energy Partner
|
|
|
|
|
o
|
o
|
|
|
|
|
Honda
|
|
|
|
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
|
|
o
|
Hpower
|
|
|
|
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
|
|
o
|
Ford/IFC
|
|
|
|
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
|
|
o
|
Mitsubishi
|
|
|
|
|
o
|
o
|
|
|
|
o
|
Nissan
|
|
|
|
|
o?
|
o
|
|
o?
|
|
o
|
Plug Powe
|
|
|
|
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
|
|
o
|
Simens
|
|
|
|
|
o
|
o
|
o
|
|
|
|
|
- Fuel cell
efficiency of 55 percent
- 15 percent better than that of a diesel engine.
- 400 kilometers (250 miles)
|
|
NECAR
· Ȳ
1)
) ʿ (1991-1993. װ ں )
) 1kW (1994-1996, ѱ , ),
.
) kW (1999, KIST)
) (Zձ)
) (1999, ѱ-ȭȭ)
2)
) Ϻ
) Toshiba ǹ 30 kW ý (NEDO program)
) Sanyo ڴ ÿ 30 kW ý (NEDO program)
) Kansia electric power Fuji ȸ ý
iv) Nissan 1990 ʿ ڵ ϱ Ͽ, 1991 Ballard
ϰ , 1997 ڵ Ballard
220 Can$ Ͽ.
v) Honda Ballard ڵ ϰ
, 1997 180 Can$ Ballard Ͽ.
) ̱, ij
) PEMFC ּ 1960 (GE ̴ ּ )
) ij Ballard 翡 õ ̿ 10Kw, Ұ ̿ 30 kW, õ
̿ 250 kW ý Ϻ
iii) ̱ Analytic Power 翡 10kW ǰ
iv) ̱ Plug Power L.L.C. 10kW ý
v) ̱ (DoE) General Motors, Ford, Chrysler ڵ 3 6
1993 ü(PNGV) Ͽ ȿ ڵ α
.
vi) ̱ International Fuel Cells(IFC) 1994 DOE/Ford α ۿ 50kW
PEMFC
vii) Energy Partners 21kW ̺긮 ڵ "Green Car"
)
) Siemens л ұԸ ý
) BEWAG ij Ballard Ͽ 250 kW ý
()
iii) Daimler-Benz翡 ¿(: NEBUS(25kW 10
, ü 190kW), ¿: NECAR I(1994), NECAR II(1996),
NECAR III(1997))
Ͽ, ź ڵ Ͽ ȭ .
iv) Siemens MAN 150kW PEM City Bus ̸,
Siemens ̸ Կ ϴ . v) Volkswagen
Volvo Golf ̺긮 ڵ ϰ .
о
-
-
- ڵ
|
߱
|
߳
|
Ÿ
|
|
ij
|
Ballard
|
Laptop computer
|
|
|
̱
|
H-Power
|
, ڱ,
|
35,50,100,200,500W
|
|
DCH
|
, CD player
|
10W (12V) ȣ
|
|
ElectroChem
|
200W ý
|
18cell, 12V
|
|
Ϻ
|
Sanyo
|
ڱ
|
|
|
|
FhG()
|
Laptop computer
|
10ð ۵
|
|
NavArs()
|
7,25,100W
|
淮и, Laptop
|
|
PSI()
|
100, 300W
|
Gore MEA
|
|
NovArs, 6 cell
|
FhG, Laptop comoputer
|
PSI 300W, 20 cell
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25W Power System (12.5V, 2A)
Warsitz Inc.
|
50W Stack
H-Power Co.
|
200W Power System 18 Cell (12V, 16A)
(28x22x20cm) Analytic Power Co.
|
12W System (12V, 1A) (l=15cm, d=6.4cm)
DCH Technology
|
(Stationary PEMFC) 뵵
л (distributed Power)
ġ پ缺, Һ ġ
ں Ը Ը (Modularity)*-
ó,
(, )
(remote power)
갣
(standby power)
̿ (cogeneration)
ǹ , ȿ
Ȳ
ī
|
Ballard, 250kW,
30kW, 10kW generation systems, 1997. 08 - GEC Alsthom(Europe),
1998. 06 - EBARA Co.(Japan), 1998. 05
|
|
Avista Lab. Inc.,
US DoC, multi fuel processing, 2kW, 1998. 10 Energy Partners,
NUI Co., Epyx DoE, 2kW natural gas, 1998. 12 General Electric Plug Power
, 7kW system, 1999. 02
|
|
Osaka Gas Co., 1kW
Natural gas, 1999. 02 Sanyo Electric, 2kW system (NEDO),
, 1996 Toshiba, 30kW system (NEDO), , 1996
|
|
Bewag, Alsthom,
Ballard, 250kW, 1998. 08 first fuel cell house(Machern), 1999. 3 3
house (Hamburg Gas Consult(Hamburg), WINGAS(Ludwigshafen)), 1999. 04
|
(RPG)
RPG: Regidential
Power Generator
Ը: 1 kW - 10 kW
: , Ʈ, ұԸ Ĵ ڽü,
Telecommunication
(̱ 40 )
뿬: LNG, LPG, Heating Oil
Ǹ : $ 3,000/(3 kW Stack + 6 kW
Battery)
ȭ : 2001 (̱ )
|
Plug Power L.L.C
|
|
Analytical Power Co.
|
* Power plant; 2.4 x 2.4 x 7.3 m
(Stacks, fuel processing, power conditioning, cooling components)
|
(Unit cell)
ϴ ϳ ⺻ü ϸ , (), ˴ϴ. ݺϿ
˴ϴ.
⸦ ϴµ ʿ ̶ մϴ. 뿡 Ҹ µ ʿ Ǽ Ǽ ϴµ ʿ ϴ.
Ǽ kW 3000$ ̻ ȭ¹ Ǽ 1200$ ſ ϴ. ȯ ڿ
꿡 Ե ʴ ҵ Ѵٸ ̴ پ Դϴ.
ġ
ҿ ⸦ ϴµ ʿ ġ ǹմϴ. Ϲ ȭ , · ⸦ ϴ Ϸ, ⸦ ̿ ͺ, ڼ
̷ ֿ ġ شմϴ.
ȿ
Ǵ ᰡ ִ ѿ ȯ մϴ. , ȿ 30%
ᰡ ѿ 30% ȯǰ 70% ٸ · ȯ ǹմϴ.
̳ 忡 մϴ. ̶ ʿ ϴ չ̶ մϴ.
, Ǵ Ÿ ü (õ
, Ÿ, ź) ȯŰ ȯ ġ̴. ̰ ȭ ȭ
ȯŰ ġԴϴ. , ̿ϴ ƴ϶ ̿ϴ μ,
ġ̸, ̷ ֽϴ.
ȭй
̻ ų ϳ ɰ ó ٸ Ǵ ȭ ȭ ̶ ϰ ڳ ̿ Ͽ
õ ȭй Ư ȭ ̶ θϴ.
帧 ִ Դϴ.
˸
ȭ
־ ڽ ȭ ʰ ٸ ȭ Ǵ Ű մϴ.
ȭ
ź, ,
ü ӿ ȭ(ȭȭ)Ǿ Ḧ մϴ. ſ ϰ ϸ Ҽ 差
پ ȯ ŵϴ.
ּ
ٰ ô. Ⱓ ָ ٴϴ ̸ȣ ּ ְ
ٸ ұ? Ƹ ư Դϴ.
ٸ
þ ̸ȣ ? ٴӿ
ִٰ մϴ. ū 谡 ʿ ?
Ư
ϴ
ֽϴ.
õ, ź, ź
ῡ ִ ҿ ߿ ִ Ҹ ȭй ᰡ ִ ȭп
ȯŰ ġԴϴ.
츮 ϴ 60% ȭ ˴ϴ. ȭ ̴
츮 ʴ ȭԴϴ. 츮 꿡 ȭ ϴ.
95%̻ ܱ ڿ ϴ.
ȭ ϴ ͺ ȭḦ ̿Ͽ ִٸ
װ̾߸ 츮 ڿ ʿ ϴ Դϴ. ̿ ٷ Դϴ.
|
ȭ¹ ȭḦ ؼ ٽ ͺ ν ϱ
߿ սǵ˴ϴ. ȭḦ ȭйѼ
ٷ ս Դϴ.
|
1839
William R Grove Ҹ ϴ , Ǿ , Ư ª
̺߽ϴ.
ּ, Ư , ߰ Ǵ 䱸Ǵ ϱ Ͽ 1960 ʺ ̱, ҷ
۵Ǿϴ.
̱
ְ ȹ ϳ General Electric翡 Ͽ ̴ ּ ϴ ù° õ 1965 ̷ϴ.
۵ ȭ¹ ɰ 1970 ĵ ڿ δġ Ǿϴ. ̿
ȿ ߿ ū Ǿ, 츮 ̷ ϳ Ǵ ߿
ϰ ֽϴ.
|
|
·
ȿ ϴ. (ȿ 35% ġ 10-25% ϴ.)
·ȯ湮 ϴ.
·پ (ź, õ, ) ֽϴ.
·پ 뷮 մϴ. ҿ 뷮 ̳
ڵ 뷮 ֽϴ.
|
· Ǽ ϴ.
( ȭ Ǽ kW 1,200$ ҿdz, Ǽ 3,000$ ̻ ʿմϴ.)
· ŷڼ Ű ̷ մϴ.
|
⺻ ϳ (Unit Cell) ϴ ۵ µ Ʒ ǥ
е˴ϴ.
|
|
|
ź꿰 (MCFC)
|
üȭ (SOFC)
|
λ (PAFC)
|
(SPEFC)
|
ī (AFC)
|
|
ź꿰
|
ȭ
|
λ
|
ڸ
|
ī
|
۵µ
|
650oC
|
1000oC
|
200oC
|
80oC
|
80-100oC
|
о
|
뷮 ȭ¹ ü (
MW)
|
뷮 ȭ¹ ü (
MW)
|
ұԸ (MW), ,
ȣ,
|
, (¿,
, ), ּ
|
, ּ Ư뵵
|
(λ
)
뷮 KW , ȣڵ ġϿ ϴµ Դϴ.
ó ڵ ظ ̱ ˴ϴ.
(ź꿰
)
۵ µ 650oC Ͽ ַ
MW Ը ȭ ü ˴ϴ.
(üȭ
)
ź꿰 Ը ȭ¹ ü Ǹ ۵ µ ź꿰
ȿ ˴ϴ.
(ü
)
Դ ϱ
¿, , ڵ ܿ ˴ϴ.
|
ī
(AFC)
|
λ
(PAFC)
|
ź꿰
(MCFC)
|
ü
ȭ
(SOFC)
|
ü
(SPEFC)
|
1. ȸ ȸ
|
X
|
O
|
O
|
O
|
O
|
2. ü(ݼ, ȭ, ǰ, )
|
X
|
O
|
O
|
O
|
O
|
3.
|
X
|
O
|
O
|
O
|
O
|
4. ǹ(, ȣ)
|
X
|
O
|
O
|
O
|
O
|
5. ְſ ǹ(APT)
|
X
|
O
|
X
|
O
|
O
|
6. ۿ о(, ¿, )
|
X
|
O
|
X
|
O
|
O
|
7. ּ
|
O
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
X
|
8.
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X
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X
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X
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X
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O
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9. (̴ , )
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O
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O
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X
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X
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O
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ȿ
· θ 䳢 ´
ֱ ̷
ع ذ ִ ϳ ղ ִ. ŽĿ ϴ
ڵ ̷ ڵ ָ ǰ̴. ð ϴ .
̱ ̷ ſ ϱ.
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οּ() Ȳ(Ʒ) Ǵ ġ
|
ũ ֿ α⸦ ȭ 13 ϴ°.
ȭ 13ȣ ּ ũ ܵǴ ٶ ϰ ֹ̾ư ̾߱⸦
ǰ ٷ ִ.
ȭ ѷ . ּ ۵ϱ ؼ Ű ʿϴ. ѵ ȿ
ϸ, ܰ ϴ ּȭѾ Ѵ.
ֺ
̷ ٷο 䱸 ִ ذå ٷ . ̴, ּ ç, ݷҺ
պּ ̸ ּ η ƴ. ̻Ӹ ƴϴ. Բ ϱ ֺ
ұ س ִ. ̷ Ҹ ڵ ߿ Ϲε ֱ ŽĿ
ΰǰ ִ.
ּ ȿ ġ ִ. ̷ Ϲ Ȱ Ӹ ƴ϶ ε
Ȱ ɼ ϴ. 츮 ̷ ſ ϱ Ȱ ϰ
, ¿ Ծ ü 츮 տ ȭ ȴ.
츮 ٱ濡 ̴ ö ̿ϰ ̸, ִ Ȱ
̴(̶ ȸ翡 ǸѴ). ϴ Ѵ ӵǴ ٲٸ ȴ. 츮
ش Կ ȣȴ. ε ̰ ѵ .
̿Ѵ
غ. Ȱ ʿ ϱ. κ ź,
, õ ȭḦ ҽ ϴ ȭ¹ . ̷ ȭ¹ ȭп ,
ٽ ȭϴ 3ܰ ⸦ Ű ̴. ȭп Ҹ () ȭŰ,
̸ ٽ ͺ ȸ Ű ȯ ̴.
߰ ȭп ٷ ȯȴ. õ ź ῡ ҿ Ҹ
Ű, ִٴ ̴. ̷ ϸ ҿ Ұ ȴٴ ̿ ̴.
ҿ Ҹ Ű ҹ ϸ鼭 Ǵµ, ̶ ҿ Ҹ Ű ȭй
Ͼ ϸ ̿ܿ ⸦ ų ִ. ᰡ ִ ȭпκ
Ű ġ. Ḧ ϴ ⸦ ų ֱ ȸ , ʿ ʹ
Ǵ ȯ Ѵ.
Ǵ ۿ 깰 ǥڷ ղ. ȯ ܰ谡 Ʊ ̴.
ȯģȭ̶ Ҹ .
Ȱ ִ ȿڡ
ȯģȭ̶ ܿ ȿ̶ ڶѴ. ٸ ȿ ȭ¹ .
غ. 25ɿ - 2g(1) 16g(1/2) Ű 18g(1) 鼭 ̻δ
1.229V(Ʈ) Ѵ. ̰ 56.9kcal شϴµ, - 68.6kcal̹Ƿ
ϸ鼭 56.9kcal , 11.7kcal Ǵ ̴. Ȱ ִ ȿ ̻δ
89% ȴ.
帣 ϸ ᰡ Ǵ ӵŭ ȭй ʰ, Ұ ƴ϶ ؿ
ᳪ ̰ ο ִ ̻ ٴ . ؿ ȿ
40-45% . ȿ ȭ¹̳ ȿٴ ̴. ᱹ ȭ¹ ȿ ȭչ,
Ȳȭչ, ſ ʴ´. ȸ ȭ پ 뷮 Ǽ . ̹ۿ ,
ź, õ, Ÿ, ź, ֹ , ÿ ϹǷ ȸ
¼ Ȱϴ , ߸ ȿ.
ǿȭ ܰ
. ϴ зȴ. λ ϴ λ꿬, ź긮Ƭ źĮ
ȥչ ϴ ź꿰 , ڴϾơ ϴ üȭ , ̿±ȯ ϴ
ź , ȭĮ ϴ Į ִ. λ, ź꿰, üȭ ַ ߵǰ
, 1, 2, 3 . ַ ۿ ߵȴ.
̱ GM, Ϻ Ÿ, ڵȸ 2003̳ 2004 ̿
¿ ̴. ¿ ̿ܿ , ¿ε ߵǰ , 2
UƮ HDW ġ ȹ̴.
Ǵ ̵ δ ü ź ϴ ź ϴ. ź īƮ · ϸ ð
Ӹ ƴ϶ īƮ ȯ ִ ִ. ź ڵ ,
PDA , Ʈ ǻ ȿ ٸ ε ̴. Ŀ Ű
̿뵵 ϴ.
̸
1ȸ ϰ
1 ̻ 縦 (1868 Ŭ ). ΰ , ѹ ۿ
.
ڶϴ Į
, , 峭 θ Ǵ Į .
° پ, Ŭ( ִ Ƚ) ʴ.
û ̴
Ұ η Ű . е 뷮 ũ. ̻ȭźҳ
ϵ ִ.
ڵī ۽Ű Ƭ
ǰ 60 Ĺݺ 70뿡 ߵ .۵ 2̹Ƿ ǿ Ը ִ.
ȭ -ī
ũ, ī, Ʈ, ִ .
¹е 恹?ȿ , θ ߱ݼ ī ȯ Ų.
ΰ -
ȭ, ȯ Ұ Ǵ . 1ȸ ̻ ִ.
ϰ ־ Ϲ ϱ ϴ.
ڵ -ݼӼȭ
1990 Ϻ ôٰ ȭ Ʈϰ .ī ʾ ȯģȭ̴.
Ƭ̿
Ƭ̿ ذ ̸ Դٰϸ鼭 ⸦ Ű . Ŭ , ΰ 뷮ȭ ƴ.
Ӱ θ ִ Ƭ
ü ̿ ü ϴ .
ǰ ڱ .
ũνô뿡 ɸ´ Ƭڸ
// . β ּȭ ҵǹǷ ȿ ų ִ. ؼ
ũθӽ Ƿо ʿ ǰ̴
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